One of the critical needs of a small business is to protect against the untimely death of an owner. This is important because the family of the owner may face a large tax bill, and may not have the liquidity to pay the tax. To make matters worse, it may not be desirable for the deceased owner’s family to have a hand in running the business.
Traditionally, this problem can be solved with a well designed buy-sell arrangement. Although there are a variety of ways to structure such an arrangement, the two most common approaches are the stock redemption and the cross purchase plans. These plans are often funded with life insurance. Insurance can provide both the liquidity needed by the family to meet its tax obligations, and the ready cash for the surviving owners to purchase the interest of the deceased shareholder.
In a stock redemption plan, the corporation agrees to purchase or retire the stock of a deceased stockholder. Typically, the corporation purchases life insurance on each stockholder to fund the arrangement. In a cross purchase plan, the owners agree to buy the stock of a deceased partner. To fund a cross purchase arrangement, each owner buys life insurance on each of the co- owners. In both cases, life insurance guarantees that funds will be available if and when they are needed.
A frequent obstacle to funding a buy-sell arrangement is a lack of sufficient cash to pay for the required insurance. For example, in a 34% tax bracket it takes $15,150 in pre-tax earnings to support a $10,000 life insurance premium. So, it’s not surprising that many owners ask if there is a way to deduct the cost of the insurance premium. Can this be done?
In fact, there is a way . . . by purchasing life insurance through a profit-sharing plan sponsored by the business. When properly structured, the funding of a cross purchase plan in this manner has all the advantages of a traditional buy-sell arrangement, with the added benefit of income tax leverage to reduce the owners’ out-of-pocket costs.
A Little Background. . .
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) defines a qualified profit-sharing plan as a plan of deferred compensation. This definition creates flexibility that is not available with a qualified pension plan.
Amounts allocated to the profit-sharing account of a participant may be used to provide incidental life insurance protection for himself, or anyone in whom the participant has an insurable interest [Treasury Reg. 1.401-1(b)(1) (ii)]. The IRS has agreed in private letter rulings that this regulation supports the purchase of life insurance on the life of a co-shareholder, to fund a cross purchase arrangement. (See PLRs 8108110 and 8426090.)
Generally, in designing such an arrangement the following conditions should be met:
- The plan must be a tax-qualified profit-sharing plan.
- The plan should allow each individual participant to direct a portion of his or her account toward the purchase of life insurance.
- The plan should provide that participants may purchase life insurance on themselves, or on the life of any individual in whom they have an insurable interest.
- The purchase of insurance must meet the so-called “incidental death benefit” limitations.
- Taxable insurance costs (“PS-58 costs”) must be reported by the participant whose account is supporting the cost of the life insurance.
- If the participant is married, the spouse of the participant should consent in writing to the use of the profit-sharing funds in this manner.
- At death, the amount at risk under the policy may be distributed immediately to the surviving shareholder. This amount is received free of income tax, and may be used to satisfy the buy-sell agreement. The cash value portion of the policy should remain in the profit-sharing plan.
The funding of a cross purchase arrangement through a profit-sharing plan in this manner may be appropriate for small, closely-held businesses with two or three owners. But, it can work in larger businesses as well, and this approach may provide a cost-effective means of purchasing life insurance. This is an important consideration for any business that may not otherwise have the ability to fund the buy-sell plan.
Important Disclosures
This material was created for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as ERISA, tax, legal, insurance or investment advice. If you are seeking advice specific to your needs, such advice services must be obtained on your own separate from this educational material.
This material contains only general descriptions and is not a solicitation to sell any insurance product or security, nor is it intended as any financial or tax advice. For information about specific insurance needs or situations, contact your insurance agent. This article is intended to assist in educating you about insurance generally and not to provide personal service. They may not take into account your personal characteristics such as budget, assets, risk tolerance, family situation or activities which may affect the type of insurance that would be right for you. In addition, state insurance laws and insurance underwriting rules may affect available coverage and its costs. Guarantees are based on the claims paying ability of the issuing company. If you need more information or would like personal advice you should consult an insurance professional. You may also visit your state’s insurance department for more information.
This article was prepared by Liberty Publishing, Inc.
LPL Tracking #1-05258166